Ubwoko bushya bwa kole ya polyurethane bwateguwe hakoreshejwe aside nto za molecule na polyol nto za molecule nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze byo gutegura prepolymers. Mu gihe cyo kwagura urunigi, polymers zifite amashami menshi na trimer za HDI zashyizwe mu miterere ya polyurethane. Ibisubizo by'ibizamini bigaragaza ko kole yateguwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ifite ubukana bukwiye, imara igihe kirekire, ishobora kuvurwa vuba mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gufatana neza, imbaraga zo kuziba ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe buhamye.

Gupfunyika mu buryo bworoshye bifite ibyiza byo kuba ubwiza buhebuje, uburyo bwo gukoreshwa mu buryo bwagutse, gutwara ibintu byoroshye, ndetse n'igiciro gito cyo gupfunyika. Kuva yatangira gukoreshwa, yakoreshejwe cyane mu biribwa, mu buvuzi, mu binyabutabire bya buri munsi, mu by'ikoranabuhanga no mu zindi nganda, kandi ikunzwe cyane n'abaguzi. Imikorere y'udupfunyika duto duto ntabwo ifitanye isano gusa n'ibikoresho bya filime, ahubwo iterwa n'imikorere y'udupfunyika duto. Agapfunyika ka polyurethane gafite ibyiza byinshi nko gukomera cyane, guhindurwa cyane, n'isuku n'umutekano. Kuri ubu ni kole ifasha cyane mu gupfunyika mu buryo bworoshye kandi yibandwaho n'inganda zikomeye zikora agapfunyika.

Gusaza mu bushyuhe bwinshi ni inzira y'ingenzi mu gutegura ipaki yoroshye. Hamwe n'intego za politiki y'igihugu za "agasongero ka karuboni" na "kutagira karuboni", kurengera ibidukikije, kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, no gukoresha neza no kuzigama ingufu byabaye intego z'iterambere ry'ingeri zose z'ubuzima. Ubushyuhe bwo gusaza n'igihe cyo gusaza bigira ingaruka nziza ku mbaraga z'igishishwa cya firime ivanze. Mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, uko ubushyuhe bwo gusaza bwiyongera kandi igihe cyo gusaza kikaba kirekire, niko umuvuduko wo kurangiza ibikorwa uba mwinshi kandi ingaruka zo kuvura zirushaho kuba nziza. Mu buryo nyabwo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa, niba ubushyuhe bwo gusaza bushobora kugabanuka kandi igihe cyo gusaza kikaba gito, ni byiza kudasaba gusaza, kandi gukata no gufunga bishobora gukorwa nyuma yuko imashini izimye. Ibi ntibishobora kugera gusa ku ntego zo kurengera ibidukikije no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ahubwo binagabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora no kunoza imikorere.

Ubu bushakashatsi bugamije gukora ubwoko bushya bwa kole ya polyurethane ifite ubukana bukwiye n'ubuzima bwiza bwa disiki mu gihe cyo gukora no gukoresha, ishobora gukira vuba mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buke, byaba byiza idafite ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi ntigire icyo ihindura ku mikorere y'ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo gupfunyika bivanze.

1.1 Ibikoresho byo kugerageza: aside ya aside, aside sebacike, ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, TDI, HDI trimer, polymer yakozwe muri laboratwari, ethyl acetate, firime ya polyethylene (PE), firime ya polyester (PET), firime ya aluminiyumu (AL).
1.2 Ibikoresho byo kugerageza Ifuru y'amashanyarazi ikoresha ubushyuhe buhoraho mu kirere: DHG-9203A, Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd.; Viscometer izenguruka: NDJ-79, Shanghai Renhe Keyi Co., Ltd.; Imashini ipima tensile Universal: XLW, Labthink; Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric: TG209, NETZSCH, Ubudage; Ipima ubushyuhe: SKZ1017A, Jinan Qingqiang Electromechanical Co., Ltd.
1.3 Uburyo bwo gukora isesengura
1) Gutegura prepolymer: Kumisha icupa rifite ijosi enye neza hanyuma ushyiremo N2, hanyuma ushyiremo molecule nto ya polyol na polyacid mu icupa rifite ijosi enye hanyuma utangire kuvanga. Iyo ubushyuhe bugeze ku bushyuhe bwagenwe kandi amazi asohoka yegereye amazi asohoka mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, fata urugero runaka rw'icyitegererezo kugira ngo upime agaciro ka aside. Iyo agaciro ka aside ari ≤20 mg / g, tangira intambwe ikurikiraho yo gukora reaction; ongeramo catalyst ya 100 × 10-6, huza umuyoboro wa vacuum tail hanyuma utangire pompe ya vacuum, genzura igipimo cy'umusaruro wa aldeur ukurikije urugero rwa vacuum, iyo umusaruro nyawo wa aldeur wegereye umusaruro wa aldeur, fata urugero runaka rwo gukora isuzuma ry'agaciro ka hydroxyl, hanyuma uhagarike reaction iyo agaciro ka hydroxyl kujuje ibisabwa mu gishushanyo. Prepolymer ya polyurethane yabonetse irapfunyikwa kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu buryo butekanye.
2) Gutegura kole ya polyurethane ishingiye ku gushonga: Shyira polyurethane prepolymer yapimwe na eteri eteri mu icupa rifite imigozi ine, ushyushye hanyuma uvange kugira ngo bikwirakwire neza, hanyuma ushyiremo TDI yapimwe mu icupa rifite imigozi ine, ubireke bishyuhe mu gihe cy'isaha 1.0, hanyuma ushyiremo polymer yakozwe mu rugo muri laboratwari hanyuma ukomeze gukora amasaha 2.0, shyiramo buhoro buhoro trimer ya HDI mu icupa rifite imigozi ine, ubireke bishyuhe mu gihe cy'amasaha 2.0, fata ingero kugira ngo upime ingano ya NCO, ukonjeshe hanyuma urekure ibikoresho byo gupakira nyuma y'uko ingano ya NCO ibonetse.
3) Gusiga amavuta yumye: Vanga ethyl acetate, ikintu nyamukuru n'ikintu gikiza ku rugero runaka hanyuma uvange neza, hanyuma ushyireho kandi utegure ingero ku mashini yumye igabanya amavuta.

1.4 Imiterere y'Ikizamini
1) Ubucucike: Koresha viscometer izenguruka hanyuma urebe uburyo bwo gusuzuma GB/T 2794-1995 ku bucucike bw'ibirungo;
2) Uburemere bwa T-peel: bwageragejwe hakoreshejwe imashini ipima imbaraga zo gukurura, hitawe ku buryo bwo gupima imbaraga za GB/T 8808-1998;
3) Ingufu z'ubushyuhe: banza ukoreshe imashini ipima ubushyuhe kugira ngo ukore imashini ipima ubushyuhe, hanyuma ukoreshe imashini ipima ubushyuhe ikoresheje uburyo bwa GB/T 22638.7-2016;
4) Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric (TGA): Isuzuma ryakozwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya thermogravimetric rifite igipimo cyo gushyushya cya 10 ℃ /min n'ubushyuhe bwa 50 kugeza 600 ℃.

2.1 Impinduka mu bucucike bitewe n'igihe cyo kuvanga Ubucucike bwa kole n'ubuzima bwa disiki ya rubber ni ibipimo by'ingenzi mu ikorwa ry'umusaruro. Iyo ubucucike bwa kole buri hejuru cyane, ingano ya kole ikoreshwa izaba nini cyane, bigira ingaruka ku isura n'igiciro cyo gusiga bya filime ivanze; niba ubucucike buri hasi cyane, ingano ya kole ikoreshwa izaba nke cyane, kandi wino ntishobora kwinjira neza, ibyo bizagira ingaruka ku isura n'imikorere ya filime ivanze. Niba ubuzima bwa disiki ya rubber ari bugufi cyane, ubucucike bwa kole ibitswe mu gikoresho cya kole bwiyongera vuba cyane, kandi kole ntishobora gushyirwa neza, kandi roller ya rubber ntiyoroshye kuyisukura; niba ubuzima bwa disiki ya rubber ari burebure cyane, bizagira ingaruka ku isura ya mbere yo gufatana n'imikorere yo gufatana kw'ibikoresho bivanze, ndetse binagire ingaruka ku musaruro w'umusaruro.

Gugenzura neza ubukana bw'ibice bya kole n'igihe cyabyo ni ibipimo by'ingenzi kugira ngo kole ikoreshwe neza. Dukurikije uburambe mu gukora, ikintu nyamukuru gikoreshwa, ethyl acetate n'ikintu gikoreshwa mu gucukura bihindurwa ku gipimo cya R n'ubukana bukwiye, kandi kole irazingirwa mu gikoresho gikoreshwa mu gucukura hakoreshejwe agapira ka rubber nta kole ikoreshejwe kuri firime. Ingero za kole zifatwa mu bihe bitandukanye kugira ngo hakorwe isuzuma ry'ubukana. Ubukana bukwiye, igihe gikwiye cya kole ikoreshwa, no gucukura vuba mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buke ni intego z'ingenzi zikurikizwa n'amakole ya polyurethane ashingiye ku binyabutabire mu gihe cyo gukora no gukoresha.

2.2 Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bwo gusaza ku mbaraga z'igishishwa. Uburyo bwo gusaza ni bwo buryo bw'ingenzi cyane, butwara igihe kinini, bukoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi bukoresha umwanya munini mu gupfunyika. Ntabwo bugira ingaruka gusa ku musaruro w'ibicuruzwa, ahubwo ikiruta byose, bugira ingaruka ku miterere n'imikorere y'udupfunyika tworoshye. Duhanganye n'intego za leta zo "kugera ku gasongero ka karuboni" na "kutagira karuboni" hamwe n'irushanwa rikomeye ku isoko, gusaza mu bushyuhe buke no gushya vuba ni uburyo bwiza bwo kugera ku ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nke, umusaruro utari mubi kandi ukora neza.

Filimi ya PET/AL/PE yashyizwe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba no kuri dogere 40, 50, na 60. Ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, imbaraga z'igishishwa cy'imiterere y'imbere ya AL/PE zagumye zihamye nyuma yo gusaza amasaha 12, kandi gukaraba byararangiye; ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, imbaraga z'igishishwa cy'imiterere y'inyuma ya PET/AL yagumye ihamye nyuma yo gusaza amasaha 12, bigaragaza ko ibikoresho bya filime yashyizwe ku bushyuhe bwinshi bigira ingaruka ku gukaraba kwa kole ya polyurethane; ugereranije ubushyuhe bwa 40, 50, na 60 ℃, nta tandukaniro rigaragara ryagaragaye mu gipimo cyo gukaraba.

Ugereranyije n'amakori ya polyurethane akoreshwa mu gushonga ku isoko ry'ubu, igihe cyo gusaza mu bushyuhe bwinshi muri rusange ni amasaha 48 cyangwa arengaho. Kori ya polyurethane muri ubu bushakashatsi ishobora kurangiza gushonga mu buryo bwihuse mu masaha 12 ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Kori yakozwe ifite akazi ko gushonga vuba. Kwinjizwa kwa polymeri zakozwe mu rugo na isocyanati zifite imikorere myinshi muri kori, hatitawe ku miterere y'inyuma cyangwa imiterere y'imbere y'ikori, imbaraga z'igishishwa mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba ntizitandukanye cyane n'imbaraga z'igishishwa mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi, bigaragaza ko kori yakozwe idakora gusa, ahubwo inakora akazi ko gushonga vuba nta bushyuhe bwinshi.

2.3 Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bwo gusaza ku mbaraga z'ubushyuhe Ibiranga ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho n'ingaruka nyazo z'ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe bigirwaho ingaruka n'ibintu byinshi, nko ibikoresho by'ubushyuhe, ibipimo by'imikorere y'ibikoresho ubwabyo, igihe cyo kubupfuka ubushyuhe, umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe, nibindi. Dukurikije ibyo bikenewe n'uburambe, inzira n'ibipimo by'ubushyuhe byumvikana birahoraho, kandi igeragezwa ry'imbaraga z'ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe bw'ifirime ivanze nyuma yo kubuvanga rikorwa.

Iyo firime ivanze iri hanze y'imashini, imbaraga zo gufunga ubushyuhe ziba nkeya, ni 17 N/(15 mm) gusa. Muri iki gihe, kole iba itangiye gukomera kandi ntishobora gutanga imbaraga zihagije zo gufatanya. Imbaraga zageragejwe muri iki gihe ni imbaraga zo gufunga ubushyuhe za firime ya PE; uko igihe cyo gusaza kigenda cyiyongera, imbaraga zo gufunga ubushyuhe ziyongera cyane. Imbaraga zo gufunga ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusaza amasaha 12 ni zimwe n'izo nyuma y'amasaha 24 na 48, bigaragaza ko gufunga birangira mu masaha 12, bitanga imbaraga zihagije zo gufatanya amafirime atandukanye, bigatuma imbaraga zo gufunga ubushyuhe ziyongera. Ukurikije impinduka z'imbaraga zo gufunga ubushyuhe ku bushyuhe butandukanye, bigaragara ko mu gihe kimwe cyo gusaza, nta tandukaniro rinini riri hagati yo gusaza ubushyuhe bw'icyumba n'imiterere ya 40, 50, na 60 ℃. Gusaza ubushyuhe bw'icyumba bishobora kugera ku ngaruka zo gusaza ubushyuhe bwinshi. Imiterere yo gupfunyika ikozwe muri kole yakozwe ifite imbaraga nziza zo gufunga ubushyuhe mu gihe cyo gusaza ubushyuhe bwinshi.

2.4 Gukomera ku bushyuhe bwa firime ifunze neza Mu gihe cyo gukoresha uburyo bwo gupfunyika bushobora koroha, gufunga ubushyuhe no gukora amasakoshi birakenewe. Uretse ubushobozi bwo guhagarara ku bushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bya firime ubwabyo, ubushobozi bwo guhagarara ku bushyuhe bwa firime ya polyurethane ifunze neza bugena imikorere n'isura y'ibicuruzwa byarangije gupfunyika neza. Ubu bushakashatsi bukoresha uburyo bwa TGA (Temperature Gravimetric Analysis - TGA) kugira ngo busesengure uburyo firime ya polyurethane ifunze neza ihagaze neza.

Firime ya polyurethane yavuwe ifite uburebure bubiri bugaragara bwo kugabanya ibiro ku bushyuhe bw'igerageza, bujyanye no kubora kw'igice gikomeye n'igice cyoroshye. Ubushyuhe bwo kubora kw'igice cyoroshye ni bwinshi, kandi kugabanuka kw'ibiro by'ubushyuhe bitangira kubaho kuri 264°C. Kuri ubu bushyuhe, ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa by'ubushyuhe bwo gufunga ubushyuhe bworoshye, kandi ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa by'ubushyuhe bwo gukora ipaki cyangwa kuzuza mu buryo bwikora, gutwara ibikoresho mu ntera ndende, n'uburyo bwo kubikoresha; ubushyuhe bwo kubora kw'igice gikomeye buri hejuru, bugera kuri 347°C. Kole ikozwe mu bushyuhe bwinshi idashyuha ifite ubushyuhe bwiza. Uruvange rwa asphalt ya AC-13 hamwe n'icyuma cya slag rwiyongereyeho 2.1%.

3) Iyo ingano y'icyuma igeze kuri 100%, ni ukuvuga iyo ingano imwe ya mm 4.75 kugeza 9.5 isimbura burundu limestone, agaciro k'ubudahangarwa bw'imvange ya asphalt ni 85.6%, bingana na 0.5% ugereranyije n'imvange ya asphalt ya AC-13 idafite slag y'icyuma; igipimo cy'imbaraga zo gucikamo ni 80.8%, bingana na 0.5% ugereranyije n'imvange ya asphalt ya AC-13 idafite slag y'icyuma. Kongeramo ingano ikwiye y'icyuma bishobora kunoza neza igipimo cy'ubudahangarwa n'imbaraga zo gucikamo cy'imvange ya asphalt ya AC-13 idafite slag, kandi bishobora kunoza neza ubudahangarwa bw'amazi y'imvange ya asphalt.

1) Mu gihe gisanzwe cyo gukoreshwa, ubukana bwa mbere bwa kole ya polyurethane ishingiye ku binyabutabire yateguwe hakoreshejwe polymeri zakozwe mu rugo na polyisocyanates zifite imikorere myinshi ni hafi 1500mPa·s, ifite ubukana bwiza; igihe cyo gukora disiki ya kole kigera ku minota 60, gishobora guhaza neza igihe cyo gukora cy’ibigo bipfunyika mu buryo bworoshye mu gikorwa cyo kuyikora.

2) Bigaragara ko kole yateguwe ishobora kuvurwa vuba ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Nta tandukaniro rinini riri hagati y'umuvuduko wo kuvurwa ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba na dogere 40, 50, na 60, kandi nta tandukaniro rinini riri hagati y'imbaraga zo gufatanya. Iyi kole ishobora kuvurwa burundu nta bushyuhe bwinshi kandi ishobora kuvurwa vuba.

3) Isesengura rya TGA rigaragaza ko kole ifite ubushyuhe buhamye kandi ishobora guhaza ubushyuhe bukenewe mu gihe cyo kuyikora, kuyitwara no kuyikoresha.