Elastomeri za polyurethane ni ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibikoresho bya polimeri bikora neza cyane. Bitewe n'imiterere yabyo yihariye y'umubiri n'iya chimique hamwe n'imikorere myiza cyane, bifite umwanya ukomeye mu nganda za none. Ibi bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nyinshi zikora ibintu byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, nko mu kirere, imodoka zikora neza, imashini zikora neza, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, bitewe n'uburyo bikomera, birwanya kwangirika, birwanya ingese no koroshya gutunganya. Bitewe n'iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga ndetse no kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho mu nganda zikora, imiterere y'imikorere myiza ya elastomeri za polyurethane yabaye ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kongera agaciro k'ikoreshwa ryabyo. Mu nganda zikora ibintu byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ibisabwa ku mikorere y'ibikoresho birimo kugenda birushaho gukomera. Nk'ibikoresho bikora neza, imiterere n'ikoreshwa rya elastomeri za polyurethane bigomba kuzuza amahame yihariye ya tekiniki. Ikoreshwa rya elastomeri za polyurethane mu nganda zikora ibintu byo mu rwego rwo hejuru rihura n'imbogamizi nyinshi, harimo kugenzura ikiguzi, gushyira mu bikorwa tekiniki no kwemerwa n'isoko. Ariko, hamwe n'ibyiza byazo mu mikorere, elastomeri za polyurethane zagize uruhare runini mu kunoza imikorere n'ipiganwa ry'ibicuruzwa bikora. Binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwimbitse kuri izi nzego z’ubufasha, bishobora gutanga inkunga ikomeye mu kunoza imiterere y’ibikoresho no kwagura porogaramu.

 

Igishushanyo mbonera cya polyurethane elastomer gifite imikorere myiza

 

Ibisabwa mu miterere y'ibikoresho n'imikorere yabyo

Elastomeri za polyurethane ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bya polymer bifite imikorere myiza cyane. Bigizwe ahanini n'ibice bibiri by'ibanze: polyether na isocyanate. Guhitamo n'ingano y'ibi bice bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'ibikoresho bya nyuma. Polyether ubusanzwe ni igice cy'ingenzi cyoroshye cya elastomeri za polyurethane. Imiterere ya molekile yayo irimo amatsinda ya polyol, ashobora gutanga uburimbane bwiza no koroha. Isocyanate, nk'igice cy'ingenzi cy'igice gikomeye, ishinzwe gukorana na polyether kugira ngo ikore iminyururu ya polyurethane, yongera imbaraga n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibikoresho. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa polyether na isocyanate bufite imiterere itandukanye ya shimi n'imiterere y'umubiri. Kubwibyo, mu gushushanya elastomeri za polyurethane, ni ngombwa guhitamo no gupima ibi bice hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo ugere ku bipimo by'imikorere bisabwa. Ku bijyanye n'ibisabwa mu mikorere, elastomeri za polyurethane zigomba kugira imiterere myinshi y'ingenzi: ubudahangarwa, ubudahangarwa, kurwanya gusaza, nibindi. Ubudahangarwa bw'ubudahangarwa bivuga imikorere irambye y'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo gushwanyagurika no kwangirika. Cyane cyane iyo ikoreshejwe ahantu haramba cyane, nko mu buryo bwo guhagarika imodoka n'ibikoresho by'inganda, ubushobozi bwo kudashira bushobora kongera cyane ubuzima bw'umusaruro. Ubushyuhe ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bya elastomer za polyurethane. Igena niba ibikoresho bishobora gusubira mu buryo bwabyo bwa mbere mu gihe cyo guhinduka no gukira. Ikoreshwa cyane mu byuma bifunga no mu byuma bigabanya ubushyuhe. Irwanya gusaza bivuga ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bwo kugumana imikorere yabyo nyuma yo gukoreshwa igihe kirekire cyangwa guhura n'ibidukikije bibi (nk'imirasire ya ultraviolet, ubushuhe, impinduka z'ubushyuhe, nibindi), bigatuma ibikoresho bigumana imikorere ihamye mu bikorwa bifatika.

 

Ingamba zo kunoza imiterere y'igishushanyo mbonera

Imiterere myiza ya elastome ya polyurethane ni inzira igoye kandi yoroshye isaba gusuzuma neza ingamba nyinshi zo kunoza imiterere. Kunoza imiterere ya molekile ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho. Mu guhindura imiterere y'uruhererekane rwa molekile rwa polyurethane, nko kongera urugero rw'uruhererekane, imbaraga za mekanike n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibikoresho bishobora kunozwa cyane. Kwiyongera k'urugero rw'uruhererekane bituma imiterere ihamye y'urusobe rw'ibikoresho ishyirwaho hagati y'uruhererekane rwa molekile rw'ibikoresho, bityo bikongera imbaraga zabyo muri rusange no kuramba kwabyo. Urugero, hakoreshejwe reactants za polyisocyanate cyangwa gushyiraho ibyuma bihuza, urugero rw'uruhererekane rushobora kwiyongera neza kandi imikorere y'ibikoresho ishobora kunozwa. Kunoza ikigereranyo cy'ibice nabyo ni ingenzi. Igipimo cya polyether na isocyanate bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku busugire, ubukana n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibikoresho. Muri rusange, kongera igipimo cya isocyanate bishobora kongera ubusugire n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibikoresho, ariko bishobora kugabanya ubusugire bwabyo. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa guhindura neza igipimo cy'ibi bibiri hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku busugire bwiza bw'imikorere. Uretse kunoza imiterere ya molekile n'ibipimo by'ibice, ikoreshwa ry'inyongeramusaruro n'ibintu bikomeza imbaraga nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'ibikoresho. Ibintu bya nano, nka nano-silicon na nano-carbon, bishobora kunoza cyane imikorere ya polyurethane elastomers. Ibintu bya nano binoza imiterere ya mekanike n'ubudahangarwa bw'ibidukikije by'ibikoresho binyuze mu kongera imbaraga zabyo, ubudahangarwa bw'ingufu no kudasaza.

 

 

Kunoza inzira yo gutegura

Kunoza uburyo bwo gutegura ni bumwe mu buryo bw'ingenzi bwo kunoza imikorere ya elastomer za polyurethane. Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora polymer ryagize ingaruka zikomeye ku itegurwa rya elastomer za polyurethane. Uburyo bugezweho bwo gukora polymer, nko gukora imashini zikoresha reaction injection (RIM) n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora polymerization ifite umuvuduko mwinshi, bushobora kugenzura neza mu gihe cyo gukora synthesis, bityo bugatuma imiterere ya molekile n'imikorere y'ibikoresho bikoreshwa. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora polymerization injection rishobora kunoza cyane umusaruro no kugera ku buryo bwiza bwo gukora ibintu bihuye kandi bihoraho mu gihe cyo gukora formification binyuze mu kuvanga polyether na isocyanate vuba munsi y'umuvuduko mwinshi no kubishyira mu ibumba. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora polymerization ifite umuvuduko mwinshi rishobora kunoza ubwinshi n'imbaraga by'ibikoresho no kunoza uburyo byangirika no kudasaza binyuze mu gukora polymerization ikoresheje umuvuduko mwinshi. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora no gutunganya polymerization rishobora kunoza imikorere ya elastomer za polyurethane. Uburyo gakondo bwo gukora pressure bushyushye bwagiye busimbuzwa buhoro buhoro n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukora imashini zikoresha inshinge no gukora extrusion. Izi nzira nshya ntizishobora kunoza imikorere gusa, ahubwo zishobora no kugera ku igenzura rihamye mu gihe cyo gukora formification kugira ngo harebwe ireme n'imikorere y'ibikoresho. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya hakoreshejwe inshinge rishobora kugera ku gushushanya neza imiterere igoye no kugabanya imyanda y'ibikoresho binyuze mu gushyushya ibikoresho fatizo bya polyurethane kugeza bishongeshejwe no kubishyira mu ibumba. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya hakoreshejwe imashini rishyushya kandi rigatuma ibikoresho bya polyurethane bisohoka mu imashini isohora ibikoresho, bigatuma ibikoresho bikomeza gukoreshwa cyangwa imiyoboro binyuze mu gukonjesha no gukomera. Rikwiriye gukorwa mu buryo bunini no gutunganywa mu buryo bwihariye.

 

Gukoresha elastomer za polyurethane mu nganda zigezweho

 

Ibyerekeye ikirere

Mu rwego rw'ikirere, elastomeri za polyurethane zikoreshwa cyane mu bice byinshi by'ingenzi, nk'udupfukamunwa n'udupfukamunwa, bitewe n'imikorere yabyo myiza. Inganda z'indege zifite ibisabwa cyane ku mikorere y'ibikoresho, birimo cyane cyane kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, kurwanya umunaniro, kurwanya ingese, kurwanya kwangirika, n'ibindi. Imikorere myiza ya elastomeri za polyurethane muri ibi bice ituma iba imwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi mu rwego rw'ikirere. Fata urugero rw'udupfukamunwa. Muri sisitemu ya lisansi y'imodoka zitwara indege, udupfukamunwa tugomba gukomeza gufunga neza mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko. Sisitemu ya lisansi y'imodoka zitwara indege ikunze guhura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi n'ibintu byangiza. Kubwibyo, udupfukamunwa ntitugomba gusa guhangana n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, ahubwo tugomba no guhangana n'ingese za shimi. Elastomeri za polyurethane, cyane cyane polyurethane zikora neza cyane zavuwe mu bushyuhe bwinshi, zifite ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi zishobora kwihanganira ahantu ho gukorera hejuru ya 300°C. Muri icyo gihe, ubushyuhe bwiza bwa elastomeri za polyurethane butuma zuzura neza ubuso butari bwiza kandi zigatuma udupfukamunwa duhoraho kandi zigatuma udupfukamunwa duhoraho kandi zigakoreshwa igihe kirekire. Urugero, utubati dukoreshwa mu byuma byo mu kirere bya NASA n'aho ikirere giherereye hakoreshejwe elastomer za polyurethane, zigaragaza imikorere myiza yo gufunga no kuramba mu bidukikije bikomeye. Ikindi ni utubati dufata umuyaga. Mu kirere, utubati dufata umuyaga dukoreshwa mu kugabanya ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'imiterere n'ihungabana ku bice by'ingenzi. Elastomer za polyurethane zigira uruhare runini muri ubwo buryo. Uburimbane bwazo bwiza n'ubushobozi bwo gufata ingufu butuma zishobora kugabanya no kugabanya imihindagurikire n'ihungabana, bityo zikarinda imiterere n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga by'ikirere.

 

 Inganda zikora imodoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru

Mu nganda zikora imodoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ikoreshwa rya polyurethane elastomers ryabaye ingenzi mu kunoza imikorere n'ihumure ry'ibinyabiziga. Bitewe n'imikorere yayo myiza cyane, polyurethane elastomers zikoreshwa cyane mu bice byinshi by'ingenzi by'imodoka, harimo sisitemu zo gufata imodoka mu buryo bw'ihungabana, imitako, ibice by'imbere, nibindi. Dufashe urugero rw'ibifata imodoka mu buryo bw'ihungabana ry'imodoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ikoreshwa rya polyurethane elastomers ryazamuye cyane uburyo imodoka itwara neza no kuyitwara neza. Muri sisitemu yo guhagarara, polyurethane elastomers zifata neza ingaruka n'ihungabana mu muhanda kandi zikagabanya kunyeganyega k'umubiri w'imodoka binyuze mu buryo bwazo bwiza bwo guhagarara no gufata imodoka mu buryo bw'ihungabana. Ubunararibonye bwiza bw'ibi bikoresho butuma sisitemu yo guhagarara y'imodoka ishobora gusubiza vuba mu bihe bitandukanye byo gutwara no gutanga ubunararibonye bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwo gutwara. Cyane cyane mu buryo bwiza bwo gutwara, ibifata imodoka byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bikoresha polyurethane elastomers bishobora kunoza cyane uburyo imodoka igenda neza kandi bikujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo umuntu agire ubunararibonye bwiza bwo gutwara. Mu modoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, imikorere ya seal igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buryo ijwi rituza, ubushyuhe butwikiriye n'imikorere idapfa amazi y'imodoka. Elastomeri za polyurethane zikoreshwa cyane mu gufunga inzugi n'amadirishya by'imodoka, ibice bya moteri n'ibiri munsi y'imodoka bitewe nuko zifunga neza kandi zirwanya ikirere. Inganda zikora imodoka zigezweho zikoresha elastomeri za polyurethane nk'ingufuri zo gufunga inzugi kugira ngo zinoze ubushyuhe bw'imodoka no kugabanya urusaku rw'inyuma.