Polyurethane elastomers nicyiciro cyingenzi cyibikoresho byinshi bya polymer. Hamwe nimiterere yihariye yumubiri nubumashini nibikorwa byiza byuzuye, bafite umwanya wingenzi mubikorwa bigezweho. Ibi bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinshi byo mu rwego rwo hejuru byo gukora, nk'ikirere, imodoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, imashini zisobanutse, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, kubera ubuhanga bworoshye, kwambara, kurwanya ruswa no gutunganya ibintu neza. Hamwe niterambere ryubumenyi nikoranabuhanga hamwe nogukomeza kunoza imikorere yibikorwa byinganda zinganda, igishushanyo mbonera cyiza cya polyurethane elastomers cyabaye ikintu cyingenzi mukuzamura agaciro kabo. Mu nganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zikora inganda, ibisabwa mu mikorere y'ibikoresho bigenda birushaho gukomera. Nibikoresho-bihanitse cyane, igishushanyo nogukoresha bya polyurethane elastomers bigomba kuba byujuje ubuziranenge bwa tekiniki. Ikoreshwa rya elastomers ya polyurethane mubikorwa byo murwego rwohejuru nabyo bihura nibibazo byinshi, harimo kugenzura ibiciro, gushyira mubikorwa tekiniki no kwemerera isoko. Nyamara, hamwe nibikorwa byayo byiza, polyurethane elastomers yagize uruhare runini mugutezimbere imikorere no guhatanira ibicuruzwa bikora. Binyuze mubushakashatsi bwimbitse kuriyi porogaramu, birashobora gutanga inkunga ikomeye yo kurushaho kunoza igishushanyo mbonera no kwagura porogaramu.

 

Igishushanyo-cyiza cyane cya polyurethane elastomers

 

Ibigize ibikoresho nibisabwa

Polyurethane elastomers nicyiciro cyibikoresho bya polymer nibikorwa byiza. Zigizwe ahanini nibice bibiri byibanze: polyether na isocyanate. Guhitamo no kugereranya ibyo bice bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere yibikoresho byanyuma. Polyether mubisanzwe igice cyoroshye cyoroshye cya polyurethane elastomers. Imiterere ya molekuline irimo amatsinda ya polyol, ashobora gutanga ibintu byoroshye kandi byoroshye. Isocyanate, nkigice cyingenzi cyigice gikomeye, ishinzwe gufata hamwe na polyether kugirango ibe umunyururu wa polyurethane, byongera imbaraga no kwambara birwanya ibikoresho. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa polyeter hamwe na isocyanates bifite imiti itandukanye ya chimique nibintu bifatika. Kubwibyo, mugushushanya polyurethane elastomers, birakenewe guhitamo neza no kugereranya ibyo bice ukurikije ibisabwa kugirango ugere kubipimo ngenderwaho bisabwa. Kubijyanye nibikorwa bisabwa, elastomers polyurethane igomba kuba ifite ibintu byinshi byingenzi biranga: kwambara birwanya, gukomera, kurwanya gusaza, nibindi. Kurwanya kwambara bivuga imikorere irambye yibikoresho mugihe cyo guterana amagambo no kwambara. Cyane cyane iyo ikoreshejwe ahantu hambaraye cyane, nka sisitemu yo guhagarika ibinyabiziga nibikoresho byinganda, kwihanganira kwambara neza bishobora kongera ubuzima bwa serivisi kubicuruzwa. Elastique ni imwe mu miterere yibanze ya polyurethane elastomers. Igena niba ibikoresho bishobora gusubira muburyo bwambere mugihe cyo guhindura no gukira. Ikoreshwa cyane mubidodo hamwe no gukurura ibintu. Kurwanya gusaza bivuga ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo gukomeza gukora nyuma yigihe kirekire cyo gukoresha cyangwa guhura n’ibidukikije bikaze (nk'imirasire ya ultraviolet, ubushuhe, ihinduka ry’ubushyuhe, nibindi), byemeza ko ibikoresho bikomeza imikorere ihamye mubikorwa bifatika.

 

Gutegura Ingamba zo Gutezimbere

Igishushanyo-cyiza cyane cya polyurethane elastomers ninzira igoye kandi yoroshye isaba gutekereza cyane kubikorwa byinshi byo kunoza igishushanyo. Gutezimbere imiterere ya molekuline nintambwe yingenzi mugutezimbere imikorere yibintu. Muguhindura imiterere ya molekulari yimiterere ya polyurethane, nko kongera urwego rwo guhuza, imbaraga za mashini hamwe no kwihanganira ibintu bishobora kunozwa cyane. Kwiyongera kurwego rwo guhuza bituma urwego rwimikorere ihamye rushyirwaho hagati yiminyururu ya molekile yibikoresho, bityo bikazamura imbaraga muri rusange no kuramba. Kurugero, ukoresheje reaction ya polyisocyanate cyangwa mugutangiza imiti ihuza, urwego rwo guhuza rushobora kwiyongera neza kandi imikorere yibikoresho irashobora kuba nziza. Gutezimbere igipimo cyibigize nabyo ni ngombwa. Ikigereranyo cya polyether na isocyanate bigira ingaruka itaziguye kuri elastique, ubukana no kwambara birwanya ibikoresho. Mubisanzwe, kongera igipimo cya isocyanate birashobora kongera ubukana no kwambara birwanya ibintu, ariko birashobora kugabanya ubukana bwacyo. Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe guhindura neza igipimo cyibiri ukurikije ibisabwa byukuri kugirango ushobore kugera kubikorwa byiza. Usibye kunoza imiterere ya molekulire hamwe nikigereranyo cyibigize, gukoresha inyongeramusaruro hamwe nimbaraga zongerera imbaraga nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere. Nanomaterial, nka nano-silicon na nano-karubone, irashobora kunoza imikorere yimikorere ya polyurethane elastomers. Nanomaterial itezimbere imiterere yubukanishi no kurwanya ibidukikije ibikoresho byongera imbaraga, kwambara no kurwanya gusaza.

 

 

Kunoza gahunda yo gutegura

Gutezimbere gahunda yo kwitegura nimwe muburyo bwingenzi bwo kunoza imikorere ya polyurethane elastomers. Iterambere mu buhanga bwa polymer synthesis ryagize ingaruka zikomeye mugutegura polyurethane elastomers. Uburyo bwa kijyambere bwa polymer synthesis, nka reaction yo gutera inshinge (RIM) hamwe nubuhanga bwumuvuduko ukabije wa polymerisiyonike, birashobora kugera kubigenzura neza mugihe cya synthesis, bityo bigahindura imiterere ya molekile n'imikorere yibikoresho. Tekinoroji yo gutera inshinge irashobora kunoza imikorere yumusaruro no kugera kubintu byiza hamwe no guhuzagurika mugihe cyo kubumba muguhuza vuba polyether na isocyanate kumuvuduko mwinshi no kubitera mubibumbano. Tekinoroji yumuvuduko ukabije wa polymerisiyonike irashobora kunoza ubwinshi nimbaraga zibintu kandi igateza imbere imyambarire no kurwanya gusaza ikora reaction ya polymerisiyasi kumuvuduko mwinshi. Kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya no gutunganya tekinoroji nayo ni ikintu cyingenzi mugutezimbere imikorere ya polyurethane elastomers. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gushushanya imashini isimburwa buhoro buhoro byasimbuwe nubuhanga buhanitse bwo gutera inshinge hamwe na tekinoroji yo kuvoma. Izi nzira nshya ntizishobora kunoza umusaruro gusa, ahubwo zishobora no kugenzurwa neza mugihe cyo kubumba kugirango harebwe ubuziranenge nibikorwa byibyo bikoresho. Tekinoroji yo gutera inshinge irashobora kugera kubishushanyo mbonera byimiterere igoye no kugabanya imyanda yibikoresho ushyushya ibikoresho fatizo bya polyurethane kumashanyarazi hanyuma ukabitera mubibumbano. Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya Extrusion irashyuha kandi igahatira ibikoresho bya polyurethane gusohoka muri extruder, bigakora imirongo ihoraho cyangwa imiyoboro ikoresheje gukonjesha no gukomera. Irakwiriye kubyara umusaruro munini no gutunganya ibicuruzwa.

 

Gukoresha polyurethane elastomers mubikorwa byohejuru

 

Ikirere

Mu rwego rwo mu kirere, elastomers ya polyurethane ikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi byingenzi, nka kashe hamwe nogukoresha imashini, kubera imikorere myiza yabo. Inganda zo mu kirere zifite ibisabwa cyane cyane ku mikorere y’ibikoresho, birimo cyane cyane kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, kurwanya umunaniro, kurwanya ruswa y’imiti, kurwanya imyenda, n’ibindi. Fata kashe nk'urugero. Muri sisitemu ya lisansi yimodoka zo mu kirere, kashe igomba gukomeza gufunga neza mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bukabije hamwe nubushyuhe. Sisitemu ya lisansi yimodoka yo mu kirere ikunze guhura nubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi nibitangazamakuru byangirika. Kubwibyo, kashe ntigomba kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi gusa, ahubwo igomba no kwangirika kwangirika. Polyurethane elastomers, cyane cyane polyurethanes ikora cyane yakize ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ifite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane kandi irashobora kwihanganira ibidukikije bikora hejuru ya 300 ° C. Muri icyo gihe, ubworoherane buhebuje bwa polyurethane elastomers bubafasha kuzuza neza ubuso budasanzwe no kwemeza umutekano no kwizerwa bya kashe mugukoresha igihe kirekire. Kurugero, kashe ikoreshwa mu kirere cya NASA hamwe na sitasiyo yo mu kirere ikoresha polyurethane elastomers, yerekana imikorere myiza yo gufunga no kuramba mubidukikije bikabije. Ikindi ni imashini ikurura. Mu kirere, imashini zikoresha zikoreshwa mu kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa no guhindagurika no guhungabana ku bice by'ingenzi. Polyurethane elastomers igira uruhare runini mubikorwa nkibi. Ubushobozi bwabo buhebuje hamwe nubushobozi bwiza bwo kwinjiza imbaraga bubafasha gukora neza no kugabanya kunyeganyega no guhungabana, bityo bikarinda imiterere nibikoresho bya elegitoronike byo mu kirere.

 

 Inganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru

Mu nganda zo mu rwego rwo hejuru z’imodoka, ikoreshwa rya elastomeri ya polyurethane ryabaye ikintu cyingenzi mu kuzamura imikorere yimodoka no guhumurizwa. Bitewe nubushobozi buhebuje bwuzuye, elastomers ya polyurethane ikoreshwa cyane mubice byinshi byingenzi byimodoka, harimo sisitemu yo kwinjiza ibintu, kashe, ibice byimbere, nibindi. Gufata ibyuma bikurura imashini muri sisitemu yo guhagarika imodoka zo mu rwego rwo hejuru nkurugero, ikoreshwa rya elastomeri ya polyurethane ryateje imbere cyane uburyo bwo gutwara no gutwara neza ibinyabiziga. Muri sisitemu yo guhagarika, elastomers ya polyurethane yakira neza ingaruka no kunyeganyega kumuhanda kandi bikagabanya kunyeganyega kumubiri wikinyabiziga binyuze muburyo bworoshye kandi bworoshye. Ubwiza buhebuje bwibi bikoresho butuma sisitemu yo guhagarika ikinyabiziga ishobora gutabara vuba mubihe bitandukanye byo gutwara kandi bigatanga uburambe bworoshye kandi bworoshye bwo gutwara. By'umwihariko muri moderi zohejuru zohejuru, imashini ikora cyane ikoresheje polyurethane elastomers irashobora kunoza cyane ubworoherane bwo kugenda kandi yujuje ibisabwa kugirango ubunararibonye bwo gutwara ibinyabiziga bufite ireme. Mu binyabiziga byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, imikorere ya kashe igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye amajwi, ubushyuhe ndetse n’imikorere idakoresha amazi. Polyurethane elastomers ikoreshwa cyane mukidodo cyimiryango yimodoka nidirishya, ibice bya moteri hamwe na gari ya moshi bitewe nuburyo bwiza bwo gufunga no guhangana nikirere. Abakora amamodoka yo mu rwego rwo hejuru bakoresha polyurethane elastomers nkikidodo cyumuryango kugirango batezimbere amajwi yikinyabiziga kandi bigabanye kwinjira kw urusaku rwo hanze.